When you install Mac App Store through MDM commands, then you will get the latest version available. Not all applications are available on the Mac App Store. And even when they are available, installing applications with VPP is still unreliable and hard to debug, or retry when it fails. This section is for scripts that install or configure applications on the Mac. There are many reasons to deploy apps via shell script rather than via the macOS mdmclient. Our preferred method of app deployment is via the Mac App Store VPP, but the Intune Scripting agent provides an almost infinte level of possibilities where the apps you need.
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Introduction
The vpp network stack comes equipped with a set of commands that are useful for debugging.
The easiest way to access the CLI (with proper permissions) is to use the vppctl command:
The CLI parser matches static keyword strings, eventually invoking an action function. Unambiguous partial keyword matching always occurs. The action functions consume input until satisfied or until they fail. This model makes for easy coding, but does not guarantee useful 'help' output. It's up to the CLI command writer to add useful help strings.
You can find the source code of CLI commands by searching for instances of the
VLIB_CLI_COMMAND macro in the code source files.
Please help maintain and improve this document to make and keep these commands clear and useful!
Debug and Telnet CLI![]()
The debug CLI is enabled with the
unix interactive parameter or startup configuration option. This causes VPP to start without daemonizing and presents a command line interface on the terminal where it is run.
The Telnet CLI is enabled with the
cli-listen localhost:5002 option which will cause VPP to listen for TCP connections on the localhost address port 5002. A Telnet client can then connect to this port (for example, telnet localhost 5002 ) and will receive a command line prompt.
This configuration will enable both mechanisms:
The debug CLI can operate in line mode, which may be useful when running inside an IDE like Emacs. This is enabled with the option
unix cli-line-mode . Several other options exist that alter how this CLI works, see VPP/Command-line_Arguments for details.
The CLI starts with a banner graphic (which can be disabled) and a prompt. The prompt will typically read '
vpp ' for a release version of VPP and 'DBGvpp# for a development version with debugging enabled, for example:
versus:
This prompt can be configured with the
unix cli-prompt setting and the banner disabled with unix cli-no-banner .
CLI features
The CLI has several editing features that make it easy to use.
Output that exceeds the length of a terminal page will be buffered, up to a limit.
Interface Commandsshow interface
To display interface names and rx/tx packet/byte and drop counters, use 'show interface':
On x86_64 hardware, interface names derive directly from PCI bus, id, and function. Local0 and the packet generator streams are 'special' and should not be configured directly. When running in 'punt/inject mode' tuntap-0 is 'special' and should not be configured directly.
show interface address
To display interface addresses and up/down state:
show hardwareclear interfaceset interfaceshow interfacecreate vlan subinterfaceset interface ip
set interface ip moved to doxygen
set interface ip addrset interface ip tableRouting table commandsip route add/delshow ip fib / show ip6 fib
moved to doxygen
Manipulating the ARP cache
moved to doxygen
Proxy ARPdhcp proxy
To configure dhcp proxy, configure as follows:
As of this writing, we support one DHCP server.
dhcp proxy option 82 (circuit-ID)
If configured as follows, the vpp dhcp proxy implementation will add the client-facing interface FIB number as a DHCP option 82 circuit-ID. Furthermore, the code sets suboption 5 to the first ip4 address provisioned on the client-facing interface.
If necessary, one can configure the suboption-5-provided ip4 addresses manually; on a per-interface basis:
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To inspect the suboption-5 interface→ip4 address table, use:
provisioning martian addresses
If you intend to use the dhcp relay feature, you'll need to explicitly provision the ip4 L3 martian addresses 255.255.255.255 and 0.0.0.0:
set ip6 neighbor
To statically configure an ip6 neighbor adjacency, use the 'set ip6 neighbor' command:
This command is especially useful for example when adding an ip6 default route, since neither the ip4 nor ip6 FIB has the concept of a glean adjacency.
show ip6 neighbors
To display the vpp platform's idea of adjacent ipv6 hosts found via neighbor discovery:
enable/disable source RPF checking on an interface
Source RPF checking is on by default.
ip probe
The ip probe command ARPs for ip4 addresses or attempts ip6 neighbor discovery depending on the supplied ip address format.
Note that this command will not immediately affect the indicated FIB; it is not suitable for use in establishing a FIB entry prior to adding recursive FIB entries. As in: don't use it in a script to probe a gateway prior to adding a default route. It won't work. Instead, configure a static ARP cache entry [see set ip arp], or a static ip6 neighbor [see set ip6 neighbor].
Layer 2 commands
The Vector Packet Engine (VPE) natively includes a small set of layer2 features.
Interface mode commandsl2fib commands
The mac forwarding table for bridge-domains is called the l2fib. Entries are added automatically as part of mac learning, but you can also add entries manually.
The following command associates the mac address in bridge domain 0 with GigabitEthernet2/0/0. (Note that the interface should be configured to be the specified bridge-domain but this is not enforced):
360 antivirus free download for android. You can also create static mac entries. These cannot be overridden by mac learning.
You can drop packets with 'bad' mac addresses by creating filter entries. If a packet's source mac or destination mac matches a filtered entry, the packet is dropped:
You can also create entries that point to BVI interfaces. See the BVI section for more information.
You can delete specific l2fib entries using:
You can delete all l2fib entries using:
You can display the contents of the l2fib using:
bridge-domain commands
You can display the list of all bridge-domains that are in use:
You can display information on a single bridge-domain:
You can also display detailed information (basically the member list) on a single bridge-domain:
enable/disable learning, forwarding, and flooding
MAC learning, unicast forwarding, and flooding can be enabled and disabled independently on each interface and on each bridge-domain.By default these are enabled.
To disable learning on an interface use:
To re-enable it use:
Similarly, unicast forwarding and flooding can be disabled:
These three features can also be disabled at the bridge-domain level.To disable learning on all interfaces in bridge-domain 2, use:
VLAN Tag Rewrite
VLAN tag rewrite provides the ability to change the VLAN tags on a packet. Existing tags can be popped, new tags can be pushed, and existing tags can be swapped with new tags. The rewrite feature is attached to a subinterface as input and output operations. The input operation is explicitly configured. The output operation the symmetric opposite and is automatically derived from the input operation.
By default a subinterface has no tag-rewrite. To return a subinterface to this state use:
To pop vlan tags off packets received from a subinterface, use:
The subinterface encapsulation (the vlan tags specified when it was created) must have at least the number of popped tags. e.g. the 'pop 2' operation would be rejected on a single-vlan interface. The output tag-rewrite operation for pops is to push the specified number of vlan tags onto the packet. The pushed tag values are the ones in the subinterface encapsulation.
To push one or two vlan tags onto packets received from an interface, use:
The push operation also specifies the ethertype. The output tag-rewrite operation for pushes is to pop the same number of tags off the packet. If the packet doesn't have enough tags it is dropped.
Tags can also be translated, which is basically a combination of a pop and push.
Ethernet Flow Point (EFP) Filter Check
It is possible to transmit a packet out a subinterface with vlan tags that are not compatible with that subinterface. In other words, if that packet arrived on the output port, it would not be classified as coming from the output subinterface. This can happen in various ways: through misconfiguration, by putting subinterfaces with different vlan encaps in the same bridge-domain, etc. The EFP Filter Check detects such packets and drops them. It consists of two checks, one that verifies the packet prior to output vlan tag rewrite and one that verifies the packet after vlan tag rewrite.
You can enable the EFP filter check using:
The EFP Filter check is disabled by default. You can disable it again by using:
IRB/BVI
Integrated Routing and Bridging (IRB) emulates a switch connected to a router port using an internal virtual interface called a Bridged Virtual Interface (BVI). The BVI connects an L3 vrf to an L2 bridge-domain. When an L3 packet is routed to the BVI, an L2 encapsulation is added to the packet as is done normally. But instead of being transmitted out a physical interface, the packet is forwarded in the bridge-domain associated with the BVI. The packet could be unicast or flooded to all interfaces in the bridge-domain. In the other direction, an L2 packet could be forwarded to a BVI interface. This could happen via a BVI entry in the l2fib or via flooding in a bridge-domain that includes a BVI interface. The packet is then routed in the vrf associated with the BVI.
A bridge-domain can be associated with only one BVI. However a vrf can contain routes to multiple BVIs.
To configure a BVI interface, create it using a loopback interface, assign a mac address, and set its vrf and bridge-domain. This example uses vrf 0 and bridge-domain 5. Learning should be disabled on the BVI interface. It is harmless but useless to enable it because the BVI l2fib entry is static:
Add L3 connectivity by creating a route and adjacency for the BVI interface. The static ARP is not strictly necessary -- routing to an IP with an unknown mac will cause an ARP request to be generated.
Verify the BVI configuration:
![]() Tunnel encapsulationsGRE tunnels
To create a GRE tunnel:
This creates a GRE tunnel whose outer IP header will have the indicated source and destination IP addresses. The tunnel manifests itself as a greX interface.Interface address can be set with 'set interface address' command. GRE Encapsulated packets can be sent/received in non-zero FIB by specifying optional keyword outer-fib-id.
MPLS-in-GRE tunnels
To create an MPLS-in-GRE tunnel, first create the required encap and decap label mappings: Ti got your back mp3 download.
Next, create the tunnel itself.
Tunnel creation will fail if no encap label exists for the 'intfc <addr>'
The dataplane expects to find a single MPLS label after the outer-IP header. The label value is translated through the MPLS decap table; the indicated FIB tables are used to route the decapsulated inner IP header.
To display the encap and decap label tables, use:
To display the set of MPLS tunnels, use:
L2tpv3-in-ip6 tunnels
To create an l2tpv3-in-ip6←→L2 VLAN tunnel, use the 'create l2tpv3 tunnel' command. All parameters are specified on a single input line (of arbitrary length):
The created tunnel appears as a virtual interface which needs to be associated with a bridge-domain and then set up.
Local-cookie and remote-cookie default to FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Minitab for mac torrent download. Local-session-id and remote-session-id default to 1.
When interoperating with the current Linux l2tpv3-in-v6 implementation, you'll need to specify the l2-sublayer-present property. Conversely, when interoperating with IOS-XR, do not specify l2-sublayer-present. Since the l2 sublayer is used to transport sequence information -- not present in static l2tpv3 softwires -- it seems that the Linux implementation is incorrect.
In the tunnel-to-l2-interface direction, decapsulation must be explicitly enabled on the input interface:
This can be deconfigured as well:
The vpp stack strips the ip6 and tunnel encaps and tracks down the inner l2 header. Vlan tags can be inserted using subinterface VLAN tag-rewrite commands (see above).
The session lookup key is configurable on the vpp command line. For example:
The vpp stack defaults to 'lookup-v6-dst.'
In the l2-interface-to-tunnel direction, the vpp stack uses the l2 subinterface as the session lookup key.
Interoperation with the latest Linux kernel / network stack l2tpv3-in-ip6 implementation has been demonstrated.
L2TP Cookie Rollover Commands Download movies from iphone to mac.
Configure L2TPv3 Rollover cookie'
Infrastructure Commandsstatistic and error counters
The vpp stack maintains many useful statistic and error counters. To display them:
To understand the precise meaning of a statistic, start with the vlib graph node name (the 'Node' column above), find the graph node definition, and finally 'Use the Force and Read the Source.'
To clear the statistic and error counters:
graph runtime statistics
[note: output from a debug image processing 0.1 PPS, the per-node runtime statistics are not worth the paper they're not printed on..]
packet tracer
The packet tracer is your friend. If the vpp stack is dropping traffic, turn on the packet tracer to see why.
First, identify the input node from which the traffic originates. (See also the command
show run .)
For most cases, we see that traffic originates from 'dpdk-input' which is the dpdk driver rx graph node. Another choice is 'pg-input' for packets from the built-in packet generator.
To display the traced packets:
Each graph node can contribute to the per-packet trace.
To clear the packet trace buffer, use 'clear trace'
command scriptsAPI trace and client commands
If you've enabled API message tracing, you can save the current trace buffer to /tmp/<filename>, as follows:
In more detail, the API trace command has the following syntax: Toyota camry 2014 user manual pdf.
If API tracing is enabled and the vpp engine crashes, it makes every effort to save the current API trace to /tmp/api_post_mortem.<pid>. Enable API tracing from the beginning of time via this command line argument.
If misbehavior of the vpp engine control-plane APIs is suspected, please include a full API trace with the report. Given a reasonably similar image, we can reproduce complex multi-step issues in a few seconds.
To display the current set of connected API clients, use:
To display statistics for the fast API message ring allocator, use:
NB the 'ring miss fallback allocation' counter. If it's going through the roof, something is wrong.
connect to a tap device
To connect to a Linux 'tap' device, use the 'tap connect' CLI command:
Installing Mac Vpp App Via Scripts
Specify <eth-addr> in 'xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx' or 'xxyy.xxyy.xxyy' format. 'Random' MAC addresses use the current time to seed a known-good 32-bit LCRN. Caveat emptor.
By default, the hwaddr matches the Linux device. This can easily cause confusion when placing the tap device into a Linux virtual bridge.
Display software version stamps
VPP software version stamps can be displayed using the show version CLI:
Inline IPv6 OAM CommandsConfigure ioam trace fields
Valid values for trace-type are 0x1f, 0x03, 0x09, 0x11 and 0x19. Following list provides corresponding trace elements included in hop-by-hop header:
Valid values for trace-tsp are 0, 1, 2 and 3 defines the precision of 32-bit timestamp. This encodes the number of microseconds elapsed since 1970 Jan 1 in 64-bit. Optimization is done to keep only significant 32-bits that is enough to decode relative time across Value 0 means the precision is in seconds, 1 is for milliseconds, 2 is for micro seconds and 3 is for nano seconds.
Show ioam configuration summaryTerminal CommandsDisplay command historyShow terminal stateTerminal settings
Retrieved from 'https://wiki.fd.io/index.php?title=VPP/Command-line_Interface_(CLI)_Guide&oldid=9119'
These advanced steps are primarily for system administrators and others who are familiar with the command line. You don't need a bootable installer to upgrade macOS or reinstall macOS, but it can be useful when you want to install on multiple computers without downloading the installer each time.
Download macOS
Find the appropriate download link in the upgrade instructions for each macOS version:
macOS Catalina, macOS MojaveormacOS High Sierra
Installers for each of these macOS versions download directly to your Applications folder as an app named Install macOS Catalina, Install macOS Mojave, or Install macOS High Sierra. If the installer opens after downloading, quit it without continuing installation. Important: To get the correct installer, download from a Mac that is using macOS Sierra 10.12.5 or later, or El Capitan 10.11.6. Enterprise administrators, please download from Apple, not a locally hosted software-update server.
OS X El Capitan
El Capitan downloads as a disk image. On a Mac that is compatible with El Capitan, open the disk image and run the installer within, named InstallMacOSX.pkg. It installs an app named Install OS X El Capitan into your Applications folder. You will create the bootable installer from this app, not from the disk image or .pkg installer. Use the 'createinstallmedia' command in Terminal
* If your Mac is using macOS Sierra or earlier, include the
--applicationpath argument, similar to the way this argument is used in the command for El Capitan.
Use the bootable installer
After creating the bootable installer, follow these steps to use it:
Installing Mac Vpp App Via Script Download
Learn more
For more information about the
createinstallmedia command and the arguments that you can use with it, make sure that the macOS installer is in your Applications folder, then enter this path in Terminal:
Catalina:
Mojave:
High Sierra:
Installing Mac Vpp App Via Script Windows 10
El Capitan:
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